The Status Of The American Economy - 1119 Words

As the economy is ever changing, it has influenced many differences between the lives of earlier Americans and the lives we live today. Women have not always been present in the workforce. Clear gender roles had been defined to split men and women’s work into separate duties. The differences of careers and duties led to the division of social â€Å"classes,† including the upper class, middle class, and lower class. The type of employment and intangible class ranking visibly defined the lifestyles families lived. The dynamic status of the American economy has had a great effect on the lifestyle of and employment within American families. In the eighteenth century, while the home and family were the center and source of economic income, clear division between men and women’s work was set. Women’s work was mostly in and around the home, particularly cooking, sewing, cleaning, and helping with farm chores. As family size and number of children in the household increased to provide help on the farm, one of the mother’s main commitments was to raising the children and being an honorable wife and mother. While the woman was upholding her house duties, the man was the â€Å"breadwinner†. Men embraced their independence and masculinity which separated them from the status of women. A man’s authority in his family was viewed as a component of their freedom. The concept of the man as sole provider, who would make the bulk of the family’s wage, became a traditional part in the AmericanShow MoreRelatedillegal immigrant workers should be granted legal status1347 Words   |  6 Pagesâ€Å"illegal immigrant workers should be granted legal status† For the past 120 years- â€Å"between 1891 and 1920- [America has] received some 18 million men, women and children from other nations† (Bush 554) and causes one of the serious problem in the society. 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Immigrants stimulate the growth of the economy and immigrants give the country so much and no one gives them credit for it. There is an ever growing number of people that support immigration reform. Immigrants should be allowed to live in the United States because it benefits the country, the economy, and the general populationRead MoreImmigration And The United States1570 Words   |  7 Pagesimmigration in the United States and actually most of them do not want immigrants even if they come legally. They say that immigrants take jobs, government money , and they are criminals. What they really don’t know is what immigrants really do to help the economy, why they even come to the United Sates in the first place, and what deportation does to immigrants and the United States. The United States has many immigrants from around the world. 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Mexico’s unfortunate terrain and unstable government has hindered its ability to gain any significant amount of wealth as a nation. In his novel, All the Pretty Horses, Cormac McCarthy shows us the difference in the wealth of these two nations through the travels of John Grady Cole

Summary Of Brave New World By Charles Dudley Warner Essay

Ethicality in Conformity â€Å"We are half ruined by conformity, but we should be wholly ruined without it†. The aforementioned quote by Charles Dudley Warner appears to parallel the views on conformity Aldous Huxley created in his novel â€Å"Brave New World†. Conformity, and with this, stability, in Huxley’s world is only possible with the excessive use of conditioning and the hyper-cloning of zygotes called â€Å"Bokanovsky’s Process†. Conditioning is not something created in â€Å"Brave New World†. Behaviorists like Ivan Pavlov and John B. Watson performed conditioning experiments on dogs and even children (in respective order). However, Huxley created a society where â€Å"people’s† lives are predetermined even before conception. This stimulates the question: â€Å"Is mindless conformity ethical?†. Bokanovsky’s Process is described as being able to â€Å"[make] ninety-six human beings grow where only one grew before† (Huxley 6 ). Th is, in turn, is â€Å"one of the major instruments of social stability† (7). The people created by Bokanovsky’s Process is also described, by Mustapha Mond, one of the â€Å"World Controllers†, as â€Å"the gyroscope that stabilizes the rocket plane of state on its unswerving course.... We believe in happiness and stability† (222). Here, Mustapha illustrates that Bokanovsky’s Process not only stabilizes society, and creates a system of mindless conformity, but also perpetuates happiness. Happiness, in the Bokanovsky influenced realm, also pairs itself with the extensive conditioning theShow MoreRelatedMarketing Mistakes and Successes175322 Words   |  702 PagesDESIGN DIRECTOR SENIOR DESIGNER SENIOR MEDIA EDITOR George Hoffman Lise Johnson Carissa Doshi Dorothy Sinclair Matt Winslow Amy Scholz Carly DeCandia Alana Filipovich Jeof Vita Arthur Medina Allison Morris This book was set in 10/12 New Caledonia by Aptara ®, Inc. and printed and bound by Courier/Westford. The cover was printed by Courier/Westford. This book is printed on acid-free paper. Copyright  © 2009, 2006, 2004, 2001, 1998, 1995, 1992, 1989, 1986, 1981, 1976 John Wiley Sons

Workforce Diversity Definition Free Essays

Workplace diversity is a people issue, focused on the differences and similarities that people bring to an organization. It is usually defined broadly to include dimensions beyond those specified legally in equal opportunity and affirmative action non-discrimination statutes. Diversity is often interpreted to include dimensions which influence the identities and perspectives that people bring, such as profession, education, parental status and geographic location. We will write a custom essay sample on Workforce Diversity Definition or any similar topic only for you Order Now Benefits of workforce diversity. Best available talent. Older employees can bring experience and a strong work ethic to the university. Lecturers from other countries, often have an exceptional education, here or abroad, in science and more technical fields. Universities that provide equal opportunities to all workers can select, interview, screen and hire the most educated and experienced workers. More effective execution. Operate more effectively than less-diverse universities due to collective education and experience. Inspire their employees, lecturers and students to perform to the best of their ability. Experienced and educated people tend to be better at planning, time management, goal setting, work delegation and projects completed on time. Negative impacts of workforce diversity. Unresolved conflict. Lecturers and students that come from different cultural backgrounds have different perspectives on how to handle issues or concerns that arise. No parallel understandings between lecturers, students and workers prohibit effective resolution of conflicts. Poor communication. Different countries and different native languages of students and lecturers prohibit clear and meaningful communication between them. Train the family of the university on cultural awareness and tolerance of differences to encourage them to openly discuss their different viewpoints on things as opposed to avoiding interaction or getting into conflict. Examples of workforce diversity in International Islamic University Malaysia. Lecturers. Many lecturers of IIUM come from different countries such as Russia, Japan, Uzbekistan, Bangladesh and so on. Workforce diversity allows IIUM to choose the IONbest lecturers to serve and educate their students. Students. Students of IIUM not only come from local citizens but also come from other countries such as Brunei Darussalam, Middle East countries and others. IIUM only selects the best students to be in this university. How to cite Workforce Diversity Definition, Papers

Why I Dont Believe in God free essay sample

Why I Do Not Believe in God In this paper, I will formally and philosophically discuss the arguments posed by Thomas Aquinas and use my own personal opinions and experiences to explain my disagreements with Aquinas and why I do not believe in the existence of God. Whether or not God exists is an argument that has been ongoing since some of the earliest philosophers took it up hundreds of years ago. Many philosophers have stated arguments on this topic, from Thomas Aquinas to David Hume to St. Anselm. To this day, it is one of, if not the most, debated topics. St. Thomas Aquinas is a noted philosopher known for his empirical arguments for the existence of God. Though Aquinas posed many arguments in favor of this, I will discuss and explain the teleological argument. This argument is built upon the idea that many things in the world which we live exhibit order and standards. We will write a custom essay sample on Why I Dont Believe in God or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Aquinas asserts that where there is a high order such as these, there must be a superior designer or creator who established and enforces such an order. According to Aquinas, this is whom we refer to as God. My issues with Aquinas argument most closely follow those of David Hume, the later philosopher who criticized Aquinas assertions. If God were a perfect creator, he would want to create a perfect world for his creatures to live in. An omnibenevolent God would not want evil to exist, and yet it does through both evil actions of people and natural evils such as hurricanes, tornadoes, and other natural disasters. Additionally, many natural laws exist that can have negative effects on mankind still exist (such as falling from the effects of gravity), and we are exposed to these effects despite supposedly having a God who is omnibenevolent and mnipotent. In addition, it does not seem to make sense that God would not create every creature perfectly, rather than have some be superior than others. Though I was raised in a Christian household and attended church frequently while growing up, my beliefs have shifted as I have grown older because I have not experienced God firsthand or in a very direct way. Recently, I was not sure exactly what my stance on Gods existence was. When I learned of and researched David Humes refutation of Aquinas argument, it solidified my thoughts. I agree most directly with Humes point of a perfect God not creating a perfect world and the kind of pain and suffering this imposes. I myself, and myriad others, have had loved ones pass away after lengthy battles with cancer or other deadly, tormenting diseases. From personal experience, it makes one question the existence of a higher power because it does not seem right that a God who is supposed to love his creations so much would put them through such trials and tribulations. It is not sensical, and is frustrating to those whom, like me, have been in the situation. In brief summation, I do not believe in the existence of God. My own personal experiences in addition to David Humes well-reasoned philosophical argument have led to this conclusion. Thomas Aquinas argument for Gods existence falls short with me in that a perfect creator should not allow such bad things to occur on Earth that do † wars, famines, disease, murder and other crimes, etc. A God such as the one discussed in this argument that is supposedly omnipotent and omnibenevolent especially should not allow these things to happen, and yet we as a world tace them daily.

Definitions of Discipline and Punishment

Medical Apartheid Essay Example

Medical Apartheid Essay Example Medical Apartheid Essay Medical Apartheid Essay The radio show concerning the medical apartheid discussed the history of medical tests conducted on African Americans from colonial times until present. It Is disturbing how much many doctors were able to get away with when Inhumanly testing on black people. Even up until the sasss It was common practice to conduct medical tests specifically on black people. Medical Apartheid was a disturbing practice In America that many doctors Justified by suggesting that these African Americans would not have received any medical care If It were not for their testing. These medical professionals were presented with many ethical questions, however, not ethical dilemmas because the Issues with what they were dealing with had a clear right and wrong. Up until recent times Inhumane medical tests have been conducted on African Americans and were justified through a common belief that the people being tested had no other means to receive medical attention. This common belief is most certainly outrageous and is not based on reality. The reality is that these tests were based on racism. Many of these medical professionals were racist and were exerting heir power over the other race through medical testing. Because these medical professionals could take advantage of uneducated African Americans they were. There were no ethical dilemmas involved with the medical apartheid, however, there were serious ethical questions. There were no ethical dilemmas because to constitute an ethical dilemma one must have to choose between right and right. In the medical apartheid there was a clear choice between right and wrong. One neurosurgeon conducted brain surgeries on African American boys in an attempt to figure out what parts of the brain were causing behavioral problems. The surgeon would remove parts of the brain Just to see if it would cure the problem, not because it was based on medical fact. Many of these medical professionals were able to trick their African American patients into thinking that they were being cured because most of the patients were uneducated and placed too much trust In their unethical physicians. For example, there was much testing on a group of African American men who had syphilis. The men believed their doctors were curing them of their disease when In reality their doctors believed that black people Inherently had syphilis and there was no reason o cure them, even though there was a cure available. In the end, there were no ethical dilemmas Involved with the Issue of medical apartheid because there was no dilemma; It was a clear choice between right and wrong. Although, medical professionals who conducted these Inhumane experiments justified their actions by saying that their patients would not have been treated AT It were not Tort teen, It Is quilt clear Tanat not Dealing treated at all was ten better option. The underlying theme of the medical apartheid in America like the apartheid in South Africa was racism and control over others.

Learning Styles Comparison Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Learning Styles Comparison - Coursework Example According to the Indiana University website, there exists three major learning styles which are visual, auditory and kinesthetic (Indiana University, 2008). The three major styles are discussed in the list below. Learners who use this style of learning heavily rely on their sense of sight. They learn optimally by looking at information presented in a visual form such as graphs, pictures, charts, maps, colors and other forms of diagrams. They are able to make meaningful conclusions from these diagrams. They also good in recalling information from documentaries, movies or motion pictures. Commonly, visual learners are easily distracted if they listen while looking at pictures or diagrams. They also easily recall things that were written down thus taking notes is a great aid to their learning (Indiana University, 2008). This learning style heavily utilizes a learner’s listening ability. Learners are able to understand and easily recall things that they were told or explained to by others. Auditory learners understand better if a set of instructions is read out to them rather than reading them by themselves. They are also better in reading and understanding body language from other individuals they interact with. If they want to internalize information, they can do this easily by reciting the information. Commonly, auditory learners have talents in music and they easily differentiate voices and noises of different things. This learning style heavily relies on the sense of touch as it involves a more practical approach to learning. Learners who use this style learn things by actually doing them. Commonly, kinesthetic learning is associated with students or learners who are good in mathematics and sciences as they involve relating theory to practice and they are more comfortable learning in groups. In class, such students learn optimally when they are taking notes (Indiana University, 2008). 3. Logical learning style- This learning

Using the product or service of your choice describe the behaviors in Assignment

Using the product or service of your choice describe the behaviors in making a purchase - Assignment Example Chaudhuri (2006) noted that consumer behaviour is influenced by both internal and external factors. The internal factors include personality, lifestyle, motivation, demographics, attitudes, feelings, beliefs, knowledge etc. The external factors include: ethnicity, family, advice, locality, culture, social class etc. The motive of the purchaser or consumer is one of the important factors influencing the purchase of a car. According to Evans, Foxal and Jamal (2009), motive is the driving force that makes an individual want to obtain a certain product. In this case, the purchase of a car will depend entirely on the needs of the purchaser. A consumer may have certain needs that make it necessary to purchase a car instead of purchasing a motor bike for instance. This needs underpin the processes involved in deciding to buy a car. Again the social status and financial capability of a purchaser also influences the decision to purchase. A buyer with good financial capability will purchase a car based on his social standing in the society and the impression he or she wants to make. Such a buyer not only needs a car, but the car has to conform to certain desired standards. These factors go hand in hand with the lifestyle of the purchaser of the car. According to Graves (2010), the purchaser’s attitude towards a certain type of car in combination to his or her knowledge and ability play a central role in determining whether a purchaser of a car will purchase a certain car. The knowledge of a purchaser of a car with regards to strengths and weaknesses of the car shape his attitude towards the car and this in combination with his financial ability then determine which type of car will be bought. Social factors also influence the purchaser’s choice of a product. According to Underhill (2008), social factors like family, friends and the greater society influence a purchaser’s choice. A buyer will buy a car that meets the criterion that in

The Validity of The Developmental Theories of Freud, Erikson and Essay

The Validity of The Developmental Theories of Freud, Erikson and Piaget based on the personal experiences of Amy - Essay Example In the oral stage, a child gets satisfaction and pleasure through mouth, tongue and lips. Toilet training plays a significant role in delivering pleasure and satisfaction to a child in the anal stage. The third is the phallic stage when sexual organs become a focal point for both the genders. This is also a stage for the development of Oedipus complex in which sexual attraction is developed for the opposite gender. The Latency or Puberty is the fourth stage in which Oedipus complex is resolved through repressing the open expressions of sex; though the dominant area of gratification is still the genital area. The Genital Stage (Puberty onwards) where primary interest turns towards the opposite sex. However, the individual understands the social taboos and try to play within the social norms (see the website). Erikson (29-34) development theory identifies eight stages of human development. In Trust-Mistrust stage, trust is defined as an essential trust on others and one's own self, whi ch is important and has lasting effects throughout the life. Toddlers try to control the environment by doing small things for themselves such as holding feeder in the stage of autonomy-shame and doubt, which brings sense of autonomy if they are successful. During Initiative-guilt stage, children take initiatives and feel guilty if they are discouraged. Comparison with peers becomes important in the Industry-inferiority stage and negative evaluation of one one's own self is damaging. In the Ego Identity-Ego diffusion phase, the adolcence tries to integrate many roles such as sibling, student, athlete, worker into a self-image and leads to dissatisfaciton if develops a feeling that they are not capable to fulfill the role. The next phase is Intimacy-Isolation in which one learns to develop meaningful relationship with others and draw satisfaction and encouragment. The Generativity-Stagnation is phase of adulthood in which one seeks satisfaction in productivity in career, family and s ocietal work. One feels satisfied in the stage of Integrity-Despair if one feels that he has reasonable accomplishments in the past. Jean Piaget (see website) gives four periods of development. The Sensorimotor period has six stages including development of reflexes, habits, coordination between vision and prehension, and beginning of creativity. Pre-Operatory thoughts, Pre-Operational stage, and Sensorimotor are stages of Preoperational period in which a child starts from learning to represent objects by images and words to developing language skills. The Concrete Operational period is the period of cognitive development where a child learns to sort objects in shape and colors, identifies sets of objects, considers multiple aspects to solve a problem, learns complex reversable aspects such as mathmatics, understands and develops ability to arrange unrelated arrangments of numbers, quality and numbers in a meaningful way and leaves egocenterism. In formal operational period, a child develops the ability to think abstractly, reason logically and draw conclusions from the information available. The crux of the theories is that specific developmental conflict becomes critical at a certain stage but that does not mean that attributes of each stage is only related to a specific stage. A passed stage has

Article Analysis: Computerised Cognitive Behaviour Therapy

Article Analysis: Computerised Cognitive Behaviour Therapy ADEOLU AMOS ADEYEMO D240 EMA X246808X QUESTION: (A) Summarise the research article ‘An exploration of the therapeutic process while using computerised cognitive behaviour therapy’ (D240, 2010 The Open University). (B) Discuss the strengths and weaknesses of the approach to research contained in the article. (C) Conclude by discussing which understanding of the counselling relationship you feel most drawn to and why. Word Count. 2000. PART A SUMMARY The purpose of this qualitative study on the use computerised cognitive behaviour therapy is to investigate the experience of clients when using computerised cognitive behavioural therapy and also to identify if it has the same effect as it would in face to face cognitive-behaviour therapy; given that high value have been placed on client-therapist relationships in success or failure of a therapy. The other purpose of the study is to explore the process by which clients are able to make use of unsupported computerised Cognitive-Behavioural therapy self-help therapy to aide their recovery (Davd G. Purves Dutton, Janet, 2013). In order to carry out this qualitative study, seven participants were recruited, six female and one male between ages 30 to 57 years on voluntary basis through newspaper advertisement; those recruited have had mild depression with some self-help experience in the past. Those recruited were screened with the use of questionnaire to make sure they were appropriate for the research. For the purpose of this research Blues Begone Computerised Cognitive Behavioural therapy program which was designed as self-help to fight the symptoms of fear and anxiety was used. Each participant was sent one in form of CD to be downloaded into their computers, each has thirty episodes. It offers assessment and personalised program of therapy as contained in CBT framework, with no interference from the researchers, though they were available for assistance ((Davd G. Purves Dutton, Janet, 2013). After completion of the programme, data were collected from the participant through semi-structured interview, the transcript of the interviews were analysed by the use of Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis method. Inter-rater reliability was used to reduce any bias that may impact interpretation of the data; the data was also checked by two autonomous raters but were familiar with conducting and analysing interview data ((Davd G. Purves Dutton, Janet, 2013). At the end of data analysis the research result shows four main areas of interest were discovered while carrying out the process of computerised Cognitive Behavioural Therapy activity. There was development of some reasonable relationship with self-help materials provided which was confirmed by five of the seven participants, the design of the program which cartoon provides warmth, humour and enthusiasm. It encourages them to form ‘relationship’ just as in real live therapeutic bond. However the computer was unable to provide immediate response to difficulty, and specificity as in human encounter therefore the users were unable to address their problems at a deeper psychological level. Also five participants expressed that they feel empowered because the program provided them information that altered their perspective on a specific issue, they were able to take information that are relevant they are to their situation and how that information can be used to address their situation without any assistance from a therapist. The third point raised was that the participants were stimulated with the way the program were presented in different colours, music, images and humorous cartoon, all these boost their engagement and helped some to think, this was seen as a form of interaction. The last finding was that the participants found how the structured of the Blues Begone helped them to break down their issues and handle them in a convenient way thereby regaining both sense of direction and individual control in the process ((Davd G. Purves Dutton, Janet, 2013). While the researcher was discussing the research it was suggested the environment created by therapist with warmth and empathy that enhance therapeutic change can be converted into self-help media to the extent that the user became engaged in the self-help process and motivated to undertake the work of change. Even with the participants not being able to experience the reaction and depth of face-to-face rapport, it did not reduce the worth of the cCBT intervention. And what the cCBT experience lacked in depth was made up for in participants involved with different features of the program to experience changes in thinking and develop new explanations to their problems. It was also suggested that while cCBT has the prospective of stimulating and facilitating individual process, as the responsibility of the work of therapy lies with the client. It also confirms the idea that in self-help effort the client is indeed the main cause of change. It also suggested that the implication for pra ctice was talking therapy services are to offer self-help or guided self-help intervention before receiving face-to-face therapy. PART B Discuss the strength and weakness of the approach to research (qualitative) contained in the article. Qualitative research can be defined as organised study that involves gathering and evaluating non-numerical data (D240, 2010 p.309). It is about the study of people in specific circumstances and usually in their own normal environment, Qualitative research usually aim to give support to the development of understanding, by arriving at a report and or interpretation of specific aspect of human experience. Qualitative research is different from quantitative research; quantitative research is mainly about gathering numerical (numbers) data usually through questionnaires, surveys to give explanation to a specific phenomenon and in most cases it involves larger group; hypothesis is usually given at the beginning of the research unlike qualitative research (D240, 2010). There are different means of collecting qualitative data, among which are interviews, open-ended questionnaires, diaries and recordings made during counselling therapy sessions (D240, 2010 p. 309). The style of qualitative research used dictates the method that will be used to construct meanings, for instance there are different guidelines that can be used to analyse interview data which includes empirical phenomenology, grounded theory and interpretative phenomenological analysis. However another school of thought believed that meaning is made up between people through their use of language; in view of this idea analysis of dialogue and everyday talk is taken as sources of meaning (D240, 2010 p. 309). In this type of qualitative research approach, there are different methods of analysing different aspects of language. Discourse analysis, conversation analysis and narrative analysis. The discourse analysis for example focuses on how an individual position herself or himself within wi de-ranging culturally based ways of talking while conversation analysis is on the way meaning is created in the moment by moment interaction between talkers. Narrative on the hand emphasises the stories someone tell about his or her lives as vital elements of meaning (D240, 2010 p. 310). However whatever way of conducting qualitative is chosen there are sets of standard procedures to follow. It starts with researcher identifying question or issue to explore; this is followed with the creation of text which can be in for of diary, interview transcript or a recording session of a therapy to represent the phenomenon. The researcher will now have to deeply involve himself or herself for its meaning to come out, after which the act of interpretation will be transferred to appropriate audiences in a report format (D240, 2010 p.310). One of the strengths of qualitative research approach is in its ability to provide a thoughtful and description of people’s understandings of a phenomenon which cannot be understood in terms of numbers; example can be taken from the article, most of the participants felt empowered during the course of cCBT program, this type of feeling cannot be quantified in numbers. Also qualitative research approaches permits some amount of flexibility in the conduct of a certain study which indicates that the researcher do not have to use a definite type of data collection method towards the investigation but can be flexible in using a variety of methods to collect data.; it helps the investigation of complex or difficult topics if a bond of trust develops between the investigator and the participants; and aided investigators to make connections between diverse facets of people’s life, like domestic issues, work and leisure. Another good thing about qualitative research approach is that as a researcher you have the capability to interact with participants in the language they understand and most importantly on their positions. After identifying the process involved in conducting qualitative research and how good it can be to unearth the hidden fact that quantitative research cannot give answer to, some weaknesses have also been noticed. One of these weaknesses is in the focused group which are always small which means the results are most likely to be valid for that specific focused group. In that wise generalisation cannot be made as will do with quantitative research results. Another point is because qualitative researches pay more attentions on depth, it may mean that collection and the analysis of data materials can take a long time, and if that is case the economic and human resources costs may be high. Also there could be doubt in accuracy of the interpretation of the investigator; the investigator/researcher as a human-being just like participants may have their own biases to consider when carrying out the research process. And again because qualitative research involves small group of participants, other academic researchers might not take the outcome of the research seriously. PART C COUNSELLING RELATIONSHIP I FEEL DRAWN TO AND WHY. The relationship that develops between a client and therapist has been described as a very vital aspect of counselling process; therefore sustaining a good therapeutic relationship is essential. A good therapeutic relationship between the counsellor and client across all therapeutic approach to counselling has been suggested to be one of the best factors that lead to successful therapeutic results (D240, 2010 p.259). The counselling relationship I feel drawn to is from therapeutic alliance perspective, it involves all essentials of the relationship needed with the bonding between therapist and client (D240, 2010 p. 261). I believed that collaboration between the client and the therapist, with full focus on the clients and their essentials needs and set goals will help the clients to improve their coping strategies and be able to help themselves, while enabling positive therapeutic environment to help in exploring their past and presen t issues without passing judgement. Among the factors identified as necessary for development of therapeutic alliance is empathy; it is defined as the capability of the counsellor to have thoughtful of the world of the client and be sensitive to their experience in a moment-by-moment manner (D240, 2010 p. 262). It was suggested that there is prove that empathy is effective in bringing about positive therapeutic change more than individual technique (Bohart, Elliott, Greenberg and Watson, 2002 cited in D240, 2010 p. 262). It is about going into client’s world and sees things from their own perspective. Partnership between the client and therapist in some counselling approach start with shared goals and expectations that are deliberated and agreed upon for the therapeutic work they are working towards, recognition of tasks to be performed by each person can hold the relationship together. I believed that therapeutic alliance should start from the time initial contacts were made with the client by showing attributes of respect, candidness, understanding and it is stated in the client-therapist contract. The contract usually sets out boundaries, roles, responsibilities and expectations on both sides. Other characteristics of therapeutic alliance are active listening to clients and make them know that they are being heard and understood, therapist to be aware of verbal and non-verbal communication. I do believe in given objective feedback either positive or negative; both are believed to be important in improving outcomes (D240, 2010 p. 264). Although at the same time I will be mindful of any negative feedback I give so that it will not create more problems for the client having realised that people process information in a different way. Also on my role, I prefer to work together with client on equal levels that is adult-adult/friend-friend type of relationship to deal with presenting issues (D240, 2010 p. 267). REFERENCE Barker, M. Vossler, A. and Langdridge, D. (2010) D240: ‘Understanding counselling and psychotherapy’, London, Sage for The Open University. David G. Purves and Dutton J, (2013) An exploration of the therapeutic process while using computerised cognitive behaviour therapy: Linking research with practice, DOI: 10.1080/14733145,2012.761259 SELF-REFLECTION The area I found interesting is the counselling relationship, understanding it makes me confident on how to engage with clients The areas I found difficult was research summary and I struggled a bit with discussion on strength and weakness of qualitative research method.

How Nelson Mandela used Rugby to unify South Africa Essay -- Politics,

After spending twenty-seven years in prison, Nelson Mandela was released from prison on February 11, 1990. In 1991, Nelson Mandela was chosen to become president of the African National Congress. In 1993, Mandela and South African President F.W. de Klerk announced an agreement that the African National Congress and the National Party form a transitional government, effectively ending apartheid and opening the political process to all South Africans (Williamson). Mandela was elected President of South Africa in 1994, and de Klerk became his first deputy. However, even with apartheid abolished, South Africa was still a divided country. Mandela’s legal adviser, Nicholas Haysom, said, â€Å"South Africa in 1994 was a country that was split, historically, culturally, racially, and so many other ways.† Within South Africa, there was a vast division between blacks and whites, and Mandela’s job was to bring them together. One way that Nelson Mandela brought South Africa together was through rugby. While this would seem to be an unlikely way to ease the racial tension, rugby was a crucial piece in the unification of South Africa. While Mandela was serving his time in prison, the international community began to put more pressure on South Africa to release him and end apartheid. To make sure their pressure was felt, opposing nations, especially New Zealand, began violently protesting when the Springboks visited to play (30for30). The Springboks, South Africa’s national rugby team, were banned from rugby in 1981. The ban was intended to affect the white South Africans and give the black South Africans leverage to use in negotiations to end apartheid. In 1992, after Mandela was freed, the African National Congress revoked the ban on rugby... ...any, 1994. Print. Mandela, Nelson. Mandela An Illustrated Autobiography. Boston: Little, Brown and Company, 1994. Print. Sampson, Anthony. Mandela The Authorized Biography. New York, NY: Alfred A. Knoff, 1999. Print. "Nelson Mandela: inauguration speech (1994)." World History: The Modern Era. ABC-CLIO, 2011. Web. 30 Aug. 2011. "Nelson Mandela: speech on his release from prison (1990)." World History: The Modern Era. ABC-CLIO, 2011. Web. 30 Aug. 2011. Taylor, Paul. "Father of His Country." Washington Post (Washington, DC). Feb. 13 1994: Mag. Sec. 10+. SIRS Researcher. Web. 30 Aug 2011. Williams, Michael W. "Nelson Mandela." Great Lives from History: The Twentieth Century. Ed. Robert F. Gorman. 10 vols. Pasadena, California: Salem Press, 2008. Salem History Web. 30 Aug. 2011. Carlin, John. Playing the Enemy. New York: The Penguin Press, 2008. Print.

Orientalism Stereotypes in Mulan Essay

Orientalism stereotypes have influenced us in believing that it is true. In the movie Mulan that we had watched in class, we had found quite a few stereotypes that were exaggerated in the movie. The songs they had played were catchy and memorable but they provided some examples of stereotypes in the film. Also another part of the film mentioned another stereotype where women in China were looked down upon by the men. Another major stereotype was when the movie added a physical portrayal of the invaders of China, the Huns. The songs in Mulan, while catchy and memorable, provided some additional examples of stereotypes in the film. In one of the scenes, Mulan visits the matchmaker so that she can find a husband, which will bring honor to her family. The idea of this scenes stereotype was that Mulan a young Chinese woman in the time that they were in could only bring honor to her family by getting married. To do this, Mulan needed to change her appearance. The limited role of the women is stressed in the song which is describing how the girls can â€Å"bring honor to us all†¦. The man by bearing arms, a girl by bearing sons.† This is stressed because the only way to bring honor to the family is by finding a husband. This describes traditional Chinese values as focused on breeding calm, obedient, silent girls whose goal is to marry a husband and to bear children for their future. Another song that was also exaggerating in a stereotype from Mulan was â€Å"A Girl worth Fighting For,† whi ch was described what all of the soldiers are looking for in a woman. According to this song, the girl must be â€Å"paler than the moon,† she must also â€Å"marvel at my strength,† and â€Å"it all depends on what she cooks like.† When Mulan had mentioned brains and speaking her mind, the men responded with a simply â€Å"Nah!† In this stereotype of Chinese culture, women were not wanted for their intelligence; they were viewed and wanted as an attractive and submissive wife to their husband. Another part of the film mentioned another stereotype where women in China were looked down upon by men. Mulan was repeatedly scolded by the men in her society. In one scene, when Mulan was â€Å"Ping,† he had saved the lives of her fellow soldiers. Ping is called a hero and was gained the respect of the  men. In the next scene, she is found out to be a woman and the men immediately looked down on her, disgusted, and abandoned her half-clothed on the snowy ground. In a different scene, Mulan attempts to defend her father so that he does not have to go to war, the Emperor’s council snaps at her father (not actually speaking to Mulan, a woman), saying he should teach his daughter to â€Å"hold her tongue in a man’s presence.† And in the song when the men were training, Li Shang asks, â€Å"Did they send me daughters when I asked for sons?† Near the end of the movie, when Mulan defeated Shan Yu and saved China, the emperor’s council told Li Sh ang, â€Å"She’s a woman; she’ll never be worth anything.† This has showed how women were looked down upon by the men of China. Finally, a different way of showing a major stereotype was when the movie added a physical portrayal of the invaders of China, the Huns. The leader of the Huns, Shan Yu is the most horrifically depicted of all. His black eyebrows that pointed downwards seemed to make a permanent evil scowl, his eyes are tiny yellow circles, his teeth point up at the corners like a vampire, and his deep voice reminds us the viewer’s just how evil he is supposed to be. The Huns contrast the Chinese army strongly; while the Chinese have healthy-looking skin, the Huns are in a gray color, making them look dead. The Chinese characters throughout the movie usually tie their hair up neatly, but the Huns leave their hair untidy and down, showing their barbaric nature even further. Also, the atmosphere of the scene changes when the Huns are shown. The sky gets darker when the Huns appear and in some scenes the sky is actually red when the Huns are shown and switch back to a blue clear sky when showing the Chinese camps and lands. The music also changes from a cheerful music background to an ominous tune when the Huns arrive. In conclusion, orientalism stereotypes have influenced us in believing that it is true. The aim of the movie should not be to rise against every member of Chinese society in rebelliousness of customs and traditions, but to prove that one can keep their wishes and independence while keeping their own culture and identity.

Free Essays on I Sat Belonely

and the strong use of Liverpudlian slang. Lennon wrote most all of his poems and sonnets in a manner consistent with that of children’s poems purely for the entertainment value of listening to the rhyme scheme and silliness of the poem itself. The general idea of the first stanza is simple enough to ascertain the speaker who could or could not be John Lennon himself states that he sat beneath the boughs of a tree in the shade. There in the shade he heard a lady’s voice singing. The second stanza directly relates to the first showing that the speaker has not moved from beneath the tree, but merely looks up in to the branches and all around the... Free Essays on I Sat Belonely Free Essays on I Sat Belonely In the poem â€Å"I sat belonely† the general rhyme pattern is that of standard crossed rhyme. John Lennon, the author wrote this entire sonnet in crossed rhyme with six quatrains which resembles an English sonnet except for the fact that it is twenty-four lines in length and does not end in a couplet. All six stanzas are iambic tetrameter, the first stanza has end stop on the first, second, and fourth lines with enjambment on the third line. The second stanza is crossed rhyme showing end-stop in all four lines with a caesura in line three. The third stanza also has end-stop punctuation throughout all four lines. The fourth stanza has a bit of a change in tempo due to the enjambment found in the second and third lines, the first and fourth still have end-stop punctuation. Stanza five has enjambment in the first line, and the rest of the quatrain has end-stop punctuation. The sixth and final stanza is a quatrain with end-stop punctuation on all four lines. The flow of the stanz a is changed from the other five by the use of caesuras in the second and fourth lines. This is different from a Standard English sonnet due to the lack of a couplet which is the standard ending of most all English poems. The overall theme of this poem is kind of hard to ascertain due to the suessian use of made up words and the strong use of Liverpudlian slang. Lennon wrote most all of his poems and sonnets in a manner consistent with that of children’s poems purely for the entertainment value of listening to the rhyme scheme and silliness of the poem itself. The general idea of the first stanza is simple enough to ascertain the speaker who could or could not be John Lennon himself states that he sat beneath the boughs of a tree in the shade. There in the shade he heard a lady’s voice singing. The second stanza directly relates to the first showing that the speaker has not moved from beneath the tree, but merely looks up in to the branches and all around the...

Data Mining essays

Data Mining essays In today's information age, many businesses rely on customer information for survival. Data mining is a relatively new and very important tool in aquiring knowledge on thier customers, spending habbits, geograpphical trends, and more. "Data mining is an information extraction activity which has as its goal the discovery of hidden facts contained within databases." What this means is its automated procedures used to find unknown patterns in order to make likely predictions such as consumer spending habbits. Eric Brethenoux, a research director for advanced technologies at the Gartner Group, is one of many who believes that datamining is a technology in which a company cannot afford to ignored. With present day data mining capabalities, it is now possible to spot trends in data in information companies stored from the past, creating a competative advantage for the company with the most information. The power of datamining lies in the way it does not rely on narrow human queries t o produce results, but instead uses technology developed in the fields associated with Artificial Intelligence. Using artificial intelligence, datamining can produce useful inferences concerning data that human analysts would never see. Data Mining can be used by many companies to find new customers and repeat business to previous customers. As stated before, many businesses rely on this use of data mining for survival. This is very helpful when deciding strategic target marketing. Without it, many businesses may not have enough customers to run a profitable and successful operation. Identifying inefficient operations within the buiness is another use for data mining. The findings pertinant to efficiency can save a wastefull business enourmess amounts of capital. Finding and understanding what is inefficient can be considered the first step towards finding an efficient system or met ...

Taking responsibility for one's personal and professional development Assignment

Taking responsibility for one's personal and professional development - Assignment Example This is crucial as maintaining competence and also capability helps in performing well as the leaders and bosses always advise and also recommend activities for their staff. The individual’s role comes in to play when change is needed so he/ she needs to be updated and should keep on building their strength along with the development of new skills. Professional development helps in ensuring you and also your employer that legal along with other mandatory requirements like fire safety, health, equal opportunity and also diversity legislation are properly met. It helps in preparing individuals for extra responsibilities in current and also in future roles. It promotes individuals as they are not only meeting the requirements of the job they are in but they are also making efforts to learn more and in showing excellence in performance. It can motivate others along with meeting the requirements of the current job they are in. Successful people basically follow a plan for their car eer which can vary from being a detailed plan to broadening the direction which brings chance into play. It is important to properly plan and always work on the professional development which is based on through knowledge and also self awareness regarding the career options which are open to people. This development refers to the types of work, recruitment methods, career structure along with support provided for training and also development. Individuals have to take responsibility for their own professional development where they are not only trying and working hard to achieve the set goals which they already have but also polish their skill set and work hard to have a backup plan. It is always good to think about the strengths and also values of one’s own self which can help in developing people as per the food of diversified careers. The first and the most important step here is self evaluation along with getting feedback from other people regarding one’s own skill set and abilities. One very important question which comes in the mind of people is when to review their career or to know that professional and also personal development is required. It is basically when one is taking interest in developing their current role or they are preparing themselves for a promotion. It can also refer to a situation where they are looking for a new direction or a new job. It is important to understand that not only working towards development is required for succeeding, it is important to properly measure the development. A very important question is how to work towards development. Firstly it is very important to prepare one to one reviews with the supervisor or even the principal investigator where the discussion regarding the career and professional development will take place. One should always identify and be aware of their strengths along with their weaknesses or the areas which they want to focus on. It is important to be well aware of the prioritie s so that one should always priorities the most important and also formal development opportunities which are provided by the institution. It is important to decide what are the desired outcomes and objectives of people. One should always go for manageable objectives so that when plans are made they can be revised if there is a need. The skills and also the experience which

Regional policing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Regional policing - Essay Example A recent manual promoting regional policing cites seven advantages of regional policing as compared to the previous system of devolved units: i) Improvement in the Uniformity and Consistency of Police Enforcement, ii) Improvements in the Coordination of Law Enforcement Services, iii) Improvement in the Distribution and Deployment of Police Personnel, iv) Improvement in Training and Personnel Efficiency, v) Improved Police Management and Supervision, vi) Reduced Costs and vii) Improved Career Enhancement Opportunities for Police Officers. (Regional Police Services, 2011, pp. 3-4). There are also some accepted disadvantages and these are a) Loss of Local Non-enforcement Services, b) Loss of Local Control and c) Loss of Citizen Contact. A close analysis of the advantages reveals that the main beneficiaries of regional policing are the government departments, and of course the taxpayers who fund them, because regional policing reduces costs and makes efficiency gains. It could also be argued that more uniformity and consistency, along with better management and supervision of personnel results in a fairer and more effective police force, which again benefits the taxpayer. The creation of bigger units of service delivery also benefits police personnel, because there is a greater potential to move sideways to try different roles and gain more experience, and to apply for promotion. The downside of emphasizing regional policing over local or community policing, is that some traditional practices, such as the use of police for particular local non-law enforcement functions, such as those related to parking and permits, may no longer involve police. This removes the reassurance of police presence from the public space, and results in lower visibility and perhaps also a reduced linkage between the local people and their police force. In a way regional policing

Piaget's theory Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Piaget's theory - Essay Example ntelligence was active; and that children are not passive recipients of information, rather that they actively construct and reconstruct their knowledge of the world. Cognitive disequilibrium and the child’s action and interaction with the physical environment fuel the development of the cognitive system towards more advanced psychological structures (Fisher & Lerner, 2004). This paper will evaluate Piaget’s theory of the four stages of cognitive evolution in child development. Further, similarities and differences will be identified between Erikson’s theory and Piaget’s theory of child development, with respect to the development of identity. According to Piaget’s theory, the development of intelligence and cognitive functioning in children progresses through a series of four stages based on age and concurrent biological changes and maturation. This leads to the child demonstrating a higher level of functioning at each successive stage, as compared to the previous stage (Videbeck, 2007). The stages of development are not universal, since cultural differences exist. However, the mechanisms that underlie cognitive development are considered to be universal (Pressley & McCormick, 2007). 1. The sensorimotor stage: This extends from birth to two years. The child develops a sense of self, differentiated from the environment, and develops the concept of object permanence. That is, a perception of the existence of tangible objects even when they are out of sight, that they do 3. The concrete operations stage: Between six to twelve years the child begins to apply logic to thinking, understands spatiality and reversibility, is increasingly social and able to apply rules; however, thinking is still concrete. 4. The formal operations stage: From twelve to fifteen years and beyond, the child learns to think and reason in abstract terms. Further, there is development of logical thinking and reasoning, and the achievement of cognitive maturity in the child

Adolf Hitlers political views Essay Example for Free

Adolf Hitlers political views Essay After World War I, Hitler returned to Munich.[75] Having no formal education and career prospects, he tried to remain in the army for as long as possible.[76] In July 1919 he was appointed Verbindungsmann (intelligence agent) of an Aufklà ¤rungskommando (reconnaissance commando) of the Reichswehr, to influence other soldiers and to infiltrate the German Workers Party (DAP). While monitoring the activities of the DAP, Hitler became attracted to the founder Anton Drexlers antisemitic, nationalist, anti-capitalist, and anti-Marxist ideas.[77] Drexler favoured a strong active government, a non-Jewish version of socialism, and solidarity among all members of society. Impressed with Hitlers oratory skills, Drexler invited him to join the DAP. Hitler accepted on 12 September 1919,[78] becoming the partys 55th member.[79] A copy of Adolf Hitlers German Workers Party (DAP) membership card At the DAP, Hitler met Dietrich Eckart, one of the partys founders and a member of the occult Thule Society.[80] Eckart became Hitlers mentor, exchanging ideas with him and introducing him to a wide range of people in Munich society.[81] To increase its appeal, the DAP changed its name to the Nationalsozialistische Deutsche Arbeiterpartei (National Socialist German Workers Party – NSDAP).[82] Hitler designed the partys banner of a swastika in a white circle on a red background.[83] Hitler was discharged from the army in March 1920 and began working full-time for the NSDAP. In February 1921—already highly effective at speaking to large audiences—he spoke to a crowd of over 6,000 in Munich.[84] To publicise the meeting, two truckloads of party supporters drove around town waving swastika flags and throwing leaflets. Hitler soon gained notoriety for his rowdy polemic speeches against the Treaty of Versailles, rival politicians, and especially against Marxists and Jews.[85] At the time, the NSDAP was centred in Munich, a major hotbed of anti-government German nationalists determined to crush Marxism and undermine the Weimar Republic.[86] In June 1921, while Hitler and Eckart were on a fundraising trip to Berlin, a mutiny broke out within the NSDAP in Munich. Members of the its executive committee, some of whom considered Hitler to be too overbearing, wanted to merge with the rival German Socialist Party (DSP).[87] Hitler returned to Munich on 11 July and angrily tendered his resignation. The committee members realised his resignation would mean the end of the party.[88] Hitler announced he would rejoin on the condition that he would replace Drexler as party chairman, and that the party headquarters would remain in Munich.[89] The committee agreed; he rejoined the party as member 3,680. He still faced some opposition within the NSDAP: Hermann Esser and his allies printed 3,000 copies of a pamphlet attacking Hitler as a traitor to the party.[89][a] In the following days, Hitler spoke to several packed houses and defended himself, to thunderous applause. His strategy proved successful: at a general membership meeting, he was granted absolute powers as party chairman, with only one nay vote cast.[90] Hitlers vitriolic beer hall speeches began attracting regular audiences. He became adept at using populist themes targeted at his audience, including the use of scapegoats who could be blamed for the economic hardships of his listeners.[91][92][93] Historians have noted the hypnotic effect of his rhetoric on large audiences, and of his eyes in small groups. Kessel writes, Overwhelmingly Germans speak with mystification of Hitlers hypnotic appeal. The word shows up again and again; Hitler is said to have mesmerized the nation, captured them in a trance from which they could not break loose.[94] Historian Hugh Trevor-Roper described the fascination of those eyes, which had bewitched so many seemingly sober men.[95] He used his personal magnetism and an understanding of crowd psychology to his advantage while engaged in public speaking.[96][97] Alfons Heck, a former member of the Hitler Youth, describes the reaction to a speech by Hitler: We erupted into a frenzy of nationalistic pride that bordered on hysteria. For minutes on end, we shouted at the top of our lungs, with tears streaming down our faces: Sieg Heil, Sieg Heil, Sieg Heil! From that moment on, I belonged to Adolf Hitler body and soul.[98] Although his oratory skills and personal traits were generally received well by large crowds and at official events, some who had met Hitler privately noted that his appearance and demeanour failed to make a lasting impression.[99][100] Early followers included Rudolf Hess, former air force pilot Hermann Gà ¶ring, and army captain Ernst Rà ¶hm. Rà ¶hm became head of the Nazis paramilitary organisation, the Sturmabteilung (SA, Stormtroopers), which protected meetings and frequently attacked political opponents. A critical influence on his thinking during this period was the Aufbau Vereinigung,[101] a conspiratorial group of White Russian exiles and early National Socialists. The group, financed with funds channelled from wealthy industrialists like Henry Ford, introduced Hitler to the idea of a Jewish conspiracy, linking international finance with Bolshevism.[102] Beer Hall Putsch Main article: Beer Hall Putsch Drawing of Hitler (30 October 1923) Hitler enlisted the help of World War I General Erich Ludendorff for an attempted coup known as the Beer Hall Putsch. The Nazi Party used Italian Fascism as a model for their appearance and policies. Hitler wanted to emulate Benito Mussolinis March on Rome (1922) by staging his own coup in Bavaria, to be followed by challenging the government in Berlin. Hitler and Ludendorff sought the support of Staatskommissar (state commissioner) Gustav von Kahr, Bavarias de facto ruler. However, Kahr, along with Police Chief Hans Ritter von Seisser (Seißer) and Reichswehr General Otto von Lossow, wanted to install a nationalist dictatorship without Hitler.[103] Hitler wanted to seize a critical moment for successful popular agitation and support.[104] On 8 November 1923 he and the SA stormed a public meeting of 3,000 people that had been organised by Kahr in the Bà ¼rgerbrà ¤ukeller, a large beer hall in Munich. Hitler interrupted Kahrs speech and announced that the national revolution had begun, declaring the formation of a new government with Ludendorff.[105] Retiring to a backroom, Hitler, with handgun drawn, demanded and got the support of Kahr, Seisser, and Lossow.[105] Hitlers forces initially succeeded in occupying the local Reichswehr and police headquarters; however, Kahr and his consorts quickly withdrew their support and neither the army nor the state police joined forces with him.[106] The next day, Hitler and his followers marched from the beer hall to the Bavarian War Ministry to overthrow the Bavarian government, but police dispersed them.[107] Sixteen NSDAP members and four police officers were killed in the failed coup.[108] Hitler fled to the home of Ernst Hanfstaengl, and by some accounts contemplated suicide.[109] He was depressed but calm when arrested on 11 November 1923 for high treason.[110] His trial began in February 1924 before the special Peoples Court in Munich,[111] and Alfred Rosenberg became temporary leader of the NSDAP. On 1 April Hitler was sentenced to five years imprisonment at Landsberg Prison.[112] He received friendly treatment from the guards; he was allowed mail from supporters and regular visits by party comrades. The Bavarian Supreme Court issued a pardon and he was released from jail on 20 December 1924, against the state prosecutors objections.[113] Including time on remand, Hitler had served just over one year in prison.[114] Dust jacket of Mein Kampf (1926–1927) While at Landsberg, Hitler dictated most of the first volume of Mein Kampf (My Struggle; originally entitled Four and a Half Years of Struggle against Lies, Stupidity, and Cowardice) to his deputy, Rudolf Hess.[114] The book, dedicated to Thule Society member Dietrich Eckart, was an autobiography and an exposition of his ideology. Mein Kampf was influenced by The Passing of the Great Race by Madison Grant, which Hitler called my Bible.[115] The book laid out Hitlers plans for transforming German society into one World War II Early diplomatic successes Alliance with Japan Main article: Germany–Japan relations Hitler and the Japanese Foreign Minister, YÃ… suke Matsuoka, at a meeting in Berlin in March 1941. In the background is Joachim von Ribbentrop. In February 1938, on the advice of his newly appointed Foreign Minister, the strongly pro-Japanese Joachim von Ribbentrop, Hitler ended the Sino-German alliance with the Republic of China to instead enter into an alliance with the more modern and powerful Japan. Hitler announced German recognition of Manchukuo, the Japanese-occupied state in Manchuria, and renounced German claims to their former colonies in the Pacific held by Japan.[195] Hitler ordered an end to arms shipments to China and recalled all German officers working with the Chinese Army.[195] In retaliation, Chinese General Chiang Kai-shek cancelled all Sino-German economic agreements, depriving the Germans of many Chinese raw materials.[196] Austria and Czechoslovakia On 12 March 1938 Hitler declared unification of Austria with Nazi Germany in the Anschluss.[197][198] Hitler then turned his attention to the ethnic German population of the Sudetenland district of Czechoslovakia.[199] On 28–29 March 1938 Hitler held a series of secret meetings in Berlin with Konrad Henlein of the Sudeten Heimfront (Home Front), the largest of the ethnic German parties of the Sudetenland. The men agreed that Henlein would demand increased autonomy for Sudeten Germans from the Czechoslovakian government, thus providing a pretext for German military action against Czechoslovakia. In April 1938 Henlein told the foreign minister of Hungary that whatever the Czech government might offer, he would always raise still higher demands he wanted to sabotage an understanding by all means because this was the only method to blow up Czechoslovakia quickly.[200] In private, Hitler considered the Sudeten issue unimportant; his real intention was a war of conquest against Cze choslovakia.[201] October 1938: Hitler (standing in the Mercedes) drives through the crowd in Cheb (German: Eger), part of the German-populated Sudetenland region of Czechoslovakia, which was annexed to Nazi Germany due to the Munich Agreement In April Hitler ordered the OKW to prepare for Fall Grà ¼n (Case Green), the code name for an invasion of Czechoslovakia.[202] As a result of intense French and British diplomatic pressure, on 5 September Czechoslovakian President Edvard BeneÃ… ¡ unveiled the Fourth Plan for constitutional reorganisation of his country, which agreed to most of Henleins demands for Sudeten autonomy.[203] Henleins Heimfront responded to BeneÃ… ¡ offer with a series of violent clashes with the Czechoslovakian police that led to the declaration of martial law in certain Sudeten districts.[204][205] Germany was dependent on imported oil; a confrontation with Britain over the Czechoslovakian dispute could curtail Germanys oil supplies. Hitler called off Fall Grà ¼n, originally planned for 1 October 1938.[206] On 29 September Hitler, Neville Chamberlain, Édouard Daladier, and Benito Mussolini attended a one-day conference in Munich that led to the Munich Agreement, which handed over the Sudetenland districts to Germany.[207][208] Jewish shops destroyed in Magdeburg, following Kristallnacht (November 1938) Chamberlain was satisfied with the Munich conference, calling the outcome peace for our time, while Hitler was angered about the missed opportunity for war in 1938;[209][210] he expressed his disappointment in a speech on 9 October in Saarbrà ¼cken.[211] In Hitlers view, the British-brokered peace, although favourable to the ostensible German demands, was a diplomatic defeat which spurred his intent of limiting British power to pave the way for the eastern expansion of Germany.[212][213] As a result of the summit, Hitler was selected Time magazines Man of the Year for 1938.[214] In late 1938 and early 1939, the continuing economic crisis caused by rearmament forced Hitler to make major defence cuts.[215] In his Export or die speech of 30 January 1939, he called for an economic offensive to increase German foreign exchange holdings to pay for raw materials such as high-grade iron needed for military weapons.[215] On 15 March 1939, in violation of the Munich accord and possibly as a result of the deepening economic crisis requiring additional assets,[216] Hitler ordered the Wehrmacht to invade Prague, and from Prague Castle proclaimed Bohemia and Moravia a German protectorate.[217]

Visual cryptography

Visual cryptography Introduction One of the popular solutions for image encryption is visual cryptography. Secret sharing concepts are used to encrypt a secret image into the shares (customized versions of the original image) which can be transmitted over an undeveloped communication channel and by overlapping shares, the secret message is obtained Visual cryptographic solutions are based on binary or binaries inputs. Due to this, natural images must be first transformed into halftone (this is a technique which uses different density of dots to display the image) images to simulate the original gray or colour levels in the target binary image To create the shares, the halftone version of the input image is used instead of the original image. The decrypted image is made by stacking the shares together. Because binary data can be displayed in an apparent form when printed on transparencies or viewed on the screen and overlapping shares that contain apparently random information can expose the secret image. However, the decrypted image is darker, contains a number of visual damages due to the algorithm that is used for the process and the resolution of secret image is increased by most of visual cryptography solutions (Lukac at el,2005) and(Lukac 2006). 1.1 Objectives The base of protected communication among users using insecure channel is known as cryptography. In order for cryptographic security to take place, an algorithm is involved for the practice of encrypting and decrypting messages In its basic form, one image is split into two separate images called shares. When the shares are stacked on top of each other, the unique image is retrieved A general n out of n visual cryptography scheme involves n participants in which a secret image is split into n random looking shares and all n shares are required to recover the original image. 1.2 Aims The important idea behind Visual Cryptography is to encrypt information in the form of images in a secure and flawless way The information must be encrypted before it is sent, so that it cannot be illegally read or modified in the middle of transmission. Suppose 4 persons have deposited their money in a bank account. These persons obviously do not trust each other. In particular, they do not want a single member of themselves to withdraw the money. However, they assume that withdrawing money by two members of the group is not considered a conspiracy; rather it is considered to have received authorizations Therefore, they decided to set the bank code (with a trusted computer) into 4 partitions so that any two or more partitions can be used to reconstruct the code. Since the persons representatives will not have a computer with them to decode the bank code when they come to withdraw the money, they want to be able to decode visually: each thief gets a transparency The transparency should yield no information about the bank code (even implicitly). However, by taking any two transparencies, stacking them together and aligning them, the secret number should pop out. How can this be done? (Naor and Shamir, 1994) proposed a solution and introduced a simple but perfectly secure way that allows secret sharing without any cryptographic computation, which they termed as Visual Cryptography Scheme. The simplest Visual Cryptography Scheme is given by the following setup. A secret image consists of a collection of black and white pixels where each pixel is treated independently To encode the secret, the original image is split into n customized versions (referred as shares). To decode the image, a subset S of those n shares is picked and display each of them onto a transparency In this project, a new visual cryptography scheme is intended for shadow images. The proposed scheme will be flexible, easily implemented, and more secure for shadow images. Moreover, shadow image structure is augmented to reduce the chances for an attacker to guess the secret. Literature Survey 2.1 introduction Visual Cryptography was introduced by (Naor and Shamir, 1994) at Eurocrypt, an annual conference sponsored by the International Association for Cryptographical Research (IACA) to encourage discussions and seminars among cryptologists all over the world In that, the description is about a new cryptographic scheme that encodes a black and white image into n shares. Decoding is done with the human visual system when the n shares are placed on transparencies and stacked on top of each other. They included several schemes to implement a visual cryptography system in their presentation Since that time, the paradigm of visual cryptography has attracted wide attention all over the world. Several papers and projects have been presented to extend visual cryptography. Schemes have been invented for a general k out of n sharing scheme and to cover gray scale and colour images as well(Jim Cai and Zhou,2000) Even today, research continues in the field of visual cryptography and papers regarding contrast, extended schemes are being published regularly This research addresses the few questions concerning visual cryptography, and will attempt to answer these questions in the context of the research by using experimental approach into the problem of visual cryptography, these questions are: what is cryptography? What set of features should be used in visual cryptography? How to reduce chances for attackers to get the secret of shadow images? 2.2 Theory This section will attempt to explain the basic theory behind visual cryptography. Consider a black and white image (not gray scale). It is made up of black pixels and white pixels grouped such that when viewed with the human eye, the picture (or word, symbol etc.) can be seen. To encrypt this image, each pixel from the original image is taken and converted into sub pixels. For sake of this discussion and for simplicity, let us assume that each pixel will be converted into two sub pixels and there will be two shares If a pixel is white, then one of two combinations of sub pixels will be randomly chosen to represent the pixel on each of the shares. When the shares are stacked and properly lined up, the sub pixels for the white pixel produce the result In both sets of sub pixels for the white pixel, it can be seen the result is one black sub pixel and one white sub pixel next to each other. When viewed with the human visual system, the result appears to be gray (combined effect of white and black next to each other) On the other hand, if a pixel is black, then one of the two combinations of sub pixels will be randomly chosen to represent the pixel in each of the shares (same idea as the white pixel). However with black pixels gives two sub pixels next to each other. To the human eye, this appears as a share by itself gives no visible information from the original image because the sub pixels are evenly distributed on each share (one black sub pixel and one white sub pixel for each pixel in the original image). These combinations (black/white and white/black) occur with probability 1/ 2 providing a share with randomized pixels and thus not revealing any hint of the original image. When the shares are stacked, the white pixels are seen as gray, while the black areas remain black (Naor at el, 1994 ,Lee at el,2003 and Voyatzis,1996) (Naor and Shamir, 1995) thought about the problem of encrypting material such as: printed text, handwritten notes, pictures, etc in an absolutely secure way which can be interpreted directly by the human visual system Furthermore, they have explained that the basic model includes a printed page of cipertext (which can be sent by mail of faxed) and a printed transparency. The system they developed can be used by anyone who lacks knowledge of cryptography and without performing any cryptographic commutations. Moreover, they noted that the best way to visualize the visual cryptographic scheme is to consider a concrete example In cryptography, the process of transforming data (referred to as plaintext) where the process uses an algorithm (called cipher) is called encryption. The encrypting process make the information unreadable to anyone except those possessing special knowledge, usually referred to as a key. The encrypting process results encrypted data (in cryptography, referred to as cipher text). To read encrypted data, the encrypted data should be made readable. So the reverse process is called decryption. In real world, the software for encryption can typically also perform decryption to make the encrypted information readable again (ElGamal,1985 and Rivest,1978) Encryption has long been used by militaries and governments to facilitate secret communication. Encryption is now used in protecting information within many kinds of civilian systems, such as computers, storage devices (e.g. USB flash drives), networks (e.g. the Internet, e-commerce), mobile telephones, wireless microphones, wireless intercom systems, Bluetooth devices and bank automatic teller machines. Encryption is also used in digital rights management to prevent unauthorized use or reproduction of copyrighted material and in software also to protect against reverse engineering (Encryption) Encryption, by itself, can protect the confidentiality of messages, but other techniques are still needed to protect the integrity and authenticity of a message; for example, verification of a message authentication codes (MAC) or a digital signature. Standards and cryptographic software and hardware to perform encryption are widely available, but successfully using encryption to ensure security may be a challenging problem. A single slip-up in system design or execution can allow successful attacks. Sometimes an adversary can obtain unencrypted information without directly undoing the encryption. (Maurer,1994 and Diffie,1976) Moreover, The optimality of VC is determined mostly by its pixel expansion and the relative contrast and, the relative contrast needs to be as large as possible to ensure visibility (Alvarez at el,2005). In the scope of this research, the works related to contrast optimization will be explored. Works related to deriving lower bound of pixel expansion m can be found in (Naor and Shamir, 1995), (Rivest at el,1984) etc. The research on contrast optimization was motivated by the problem of extra graying erect introduced to decoded image. This occurs because the decoded image is not an exact reproduction of the original image, but an expansion of the original, with extra black pixels. Research methods -Doing a thorough investigation into basic visual cryptography -Careful study of algorithms used in visual cryptography -Checking out a suitable development environment and a suitable frame work that can ease the image processing tasks -investigating shadow image structure for visual cryptographic practices such as pixel expansion and the relative contrast -This project emphasizes, intends and evaluates a computer-based system using appropriate processes and tools, as follows Front End :Java Back End :Microsoft SQL Server OS : Windows XP and Windows vista IDE : net beans 6.7 The net bean IDE is used for following features: In this project, net beans Integrated Development Environment (IDE) is used because its tools, debugging and performance monitoring. Net bean IDE for developing applications saves the time by managing windows, settings, and data. In addition, an IDE can store repetitive tasks through macros and abbreviations. Drag-and-drop features make creating graphical user interface (GUI) components or accessing databases easy and highlighted code and debugging features alert to errors in the code The application is developed by java because of following features Java is a graphical user interface programming language Java supports to platform independent mechanism Java is a general purpose and object oriented programming language The most striking features of the language are that it is platform neural language Java program is under the control of JVM; the JVM can contain the program and prevent it from generating side effects outside the system. Thus safety is included in Java language. Java is mainly adopted for two reasons Security Portability These two features are available in java because of the byte code. Byte code is a highly optimized set of instructions to be executed by the Java run time system called JVM. The features of Java which are adopted for the network system explore are Multithreading Socket programming Swing Multithreading Users perceive that their world is full of multiple events all happenings at once and wants their computers to do the same. Unfortunately, writing programs that deal with many things at once can be much more difficult than writing conventional single threaded programs in C or C++. Thread safe in multithreading means that a given library functions is implemented concurrent threads of execution Swing Swing refers to the new library of GUI controls (buttons, sliders, checkboxes etc). Swing is a rapid GUI development tool that is part of the standard Java development kit. Swing is a set of classes that provides more powerful and flexible components. Swing components are not implemented by platform specific code. Instead they are written in Java and therefore are platform independent (java doc).

Gays :: essays research papers

The Right to Unite Sam* and Alex* have been together for two years. Recently, they decided that they would like to buy a house together. This has not been an easy task as their lifestyle choice has caused them complications attaining a loan. Sam and Alex are of the same sex. If they were married, as they one day hope to be, getting a home loan would not be an issue. However, because they are gay, they are unable to legalize their relationship in 48 of the 50 states. The issue of gay marriage has been a very controversial subject since the late 1970’s. As of 2004, same-sex marriage is still not legally recognized in any U.S. state. Recently the development of same sex civil unions includes the state of Vermont, which is designed to be similar to marriage. On May 16th, 2004, whoops and cheers and a party spilled onto the streets, gay and lesbian couples here began filling out applications for marriage licenses at 12:01 a.m., when Massachusetts became the first state in the country to allow them to marry (Belluck). In 2004 a few local government officials, most notably the city officials of San Francisco, started issuing marriage licenses to same-sex couples despite being in conflict with state laws. In 1993, Hawaii and California legalized the marriage of gay individuals, with Vermont not far behind. Proponents of this measure feel that this current movement toward recognition of same sex relationships has been a long time coming. Those who are against gay marriages feel that by allowing gay individuals to marry, the whole concept of marriage would be destroyed. Since 1989, same sex marriages have been legal in Denmark. Researchers have found that "the divorce rate among Danish homosexuals is only seventeen percent compared to forty-six percent for heterosexuals"(Jones, 22). Psychologists believe that there are several reasons for this. Most homosexuals who are married have been together for several years before the wedding. Unlike heterosexuals, who often are wed months after the relationship begins. Finally, "Danish gays and lesbians rarely divorce... (because)...only those who are strongly motivated to marry do so, given society's disapproval of overt homosexuality"(Jones, 22). Since the legalization of gay marriages in Hawaii and California are so recent, there are no current studies on the divorce rates among homosexuals in the United States. However, one would believe that Danish statistics in this area would be comparable.

Child Abuse and Neglect Essay

Almost one in every hundred children gets abused in the United States, and it happens every day. Child abuse is when a child is physically, sexually, emotionally, and mentally abused. Sexual exploitation, neglect, abandonment, and maltreatment are also forms of abuse. Physical abuse includes but not limited to, throwing kicking, burning, or cutting a child. Striking them with a closed fist; shaking them when they are under the age of three, interfering with their breathing, threatening them with a deadly weapon, or doing any other act that is likely to give the child bodily harm and other minor to major injuries to their health, welfare, and safety. Sexual abuse is committing or allowing to be committed to any sexual offense against a child as defined in the criminal code and sexual exploitations when a child is prostituted, being filming in pornographic acts, or being a part of a live action of pornographic acts. Neglect and maltreatment is when the child is not provided with an ade quate amount of food, shelter, clothing, supervision, or healthcare. Abandonment is when a child is deserted by their guardian, left without food, water, shelter, clothing, hygiene, and medical healthcare, or when the guardian is just not doing things they are supposed to do for a child, they relieve themselves from their duties. We are all mandatory reporters. Meaning that any citizen that sees anything suspicious should report, or if you know of a child being abused and don’t report, you are just as guilty. Almost five children die every day as a result of child abuse. Child abuse is no doubt a hidden epidemic in our society today. Ninety percent of child sexual abuse victims know the perpetrators in some way; sixty-eight percent are abused by family members. Child abuse also happens no matter how rich or poor you are, doesn’t matter what color you are, and it doesn’t matter how smart or dumb you are. Thirty percent of women in prison were abused as children, and sixty percent of people in drug rehabilitation centers report being abused or neglected as a child, and are 3.8 times more likely to develop drug addictions. About thirty percent of  abused and neglected as children will continue the cycle with their children as well. Eighty percent of twenty-one year olds that were abused as children met at least one criteria for a psychological disorder. Also abused children are twenty-five percent more likely to experience teen pregnancy. I think child abuse is inclining locally because drugs are becoming more known in younger generations, and their also experimenting sexually earlier, and not being safe about which leads to more teen pregnancies. Some of the reasons child abuse occurs in the first place is because of young parents and drugs/alcohol. So if the rate at which those things or more rapidly happening, and at a younger age, the child abuse rate is bound to incline. It doesn’t help that we are a bad drug city and we have one of the highest count of child abuse cases in our city. One way to help stop and prevent child abuse is to recognize it, look for the signs and report it. Make your children aware of sexual abuse, teach them the proper names, and tell them that if anyone tries to engage with them in a way that their private parts are involved, to tell their â€Å"support person†. Teach young parents how to take care of their children before they leave the hospital. Never discipline children when your anger is out of control, ever leave your children unattended. Listen and believe them. If you see child abuse happening, stop it, don’t let it happen. To help end abuse, first you should learn how to recognize it in the first place. Child abuse will never truly come to an end, but there are ways to make sure it happens less. CPS needs to better investigate into cases. If you’ve ever read â€Å"the child called it† then you would know that if they go to the house and everything checks out, they believe it. I think they should go deeper into the investigation, if that means surveillance outside their house for a week then so be it. CPS also needs to better background check their own foster parents. I saw on the news a while back that CPS supervisor was abusing the kids she was fostering. CPS is supposed to be a safe haven for kids to go, yet they go to further get abused. I myself was in foster care, and my â€Å"parents† weren’t the nicest. It’s hard to honestly say anything about improving â€Å"families† considering we aren’t in there every day life, and we may not even know them. How we can best help families is to  make child abuse awareness more public and known, and if we come across a family that has this problem, then intervene. I couldn’t find much on factors of abuse being â€Å"heredity†, but what I could find is that it is not heredity. What generally happens is the child grows up with the type of abuse they know, and because that’s all they know, that’s how they express their â€Å"love† to their child. Not all abused grow up to do the same to their children, I assume the ones most mentally scarred and got psychological problems from it, grow up to do the same. I don’t think that our society is necessarily feeding the abuse to anybody. I don’t really know who would, that’s a touchy subject in the first place. Although I can infer that all of the drug, drinking, partying, and sexual innuendo that is seen everywhere is what is feeding to a worse environment for our society. Drugs, alcohol, and partying is such a huge and wide topic everywhere you go in our society, because of that, it’s more common. Although no one can honestly end child abuse, it is something that we can make more known so that all the poor children that are dying and suffering everyday can also be loved and saved. Learn the signs, report anything unusual.

Free Essays on Satire In Connecticut Yankee

The story A Connecticut Yankee in King Arthur’s Court was written by Mark Twain. Mark Twain is an author known for all of his best-selling novels, also, for the satire used in his stories. Satire is poking fun at a social custom, political practice, individual, or an organization in an attempt to get people to recognize and correct a problem. There were many instances that satire was used in both Twain and Malory’s version. Hank fools everyone into thinking that he has magical powers. One of the biggest tricks he pulled was when he was getting ready to get executed. He told them that he would take the sun away from them, but they ended up moving the execution up a day, therefore, there was no eclipse. Somehow though, they had gotten the date mixed up and it really was time for the eclipse. So he tricked them into believing that he was taking the sun away from them, and they named him chief executive. Also, Merlin tries telling everyone that Hank really doesn’t have any magical talents. To get back at him Hank locks Merlin in jail, and is going to blow up his castle. Hank tells Clarence his plan, and Clarence decides to help him. They fill the tower with gun powder, and wait for a thunderstorm. When the storm does finally come, Merlin tries casting spells that will overcome Hanks, but the lightening strikes, and blows up the tower. Finally, everyone is convinced that Hank is magical. Hank also made a telephone system, but only the people that he wanted to know about it did. He used this for to his advantage when he has to call for help. My favorite thing though, was when the Nobles were at the feast and they were betting on dog fights. They were rude, obnoxious, and dirty. The best thing about it was that the women were behaving the exact same way. These are a few examples of how satire, which is poking fun at social customs, individuals, or organizations to fix a problem, is used. I believe that satire mak... Free Essays on Satire In Connecticut Yankee Free Essays on Satire In Connecticut Yankee The story A Connecticut Yankee in King Arthur’s Court was written by Mark Twain. Mark Twain is an author known for all of his best-selling novels, also, for the satire used in his stories. Satire is poking fun at a social custom, political practice, individual, or an organization in an attempt to get people to recognize and correct a problem. There were many instances that satire was used in both Twain and Malory’s version. Hank fools everyone into thinking that he has magical powers. One of the biggest tricks he pulled was when he was getting ready to get executed. He told them that he would take the sun away from them, but they ended up moving the execution up a day, therefore, there was no eclipse. Somehow though, they had gotten the date mixed up and it really was time for the eclipse. So he tricked them into believing that he was taking the sun away from them, and they named him chief executive. Also, Merlin tries telling everyone that Hank really doesn’t have any magical talents. To get back at him Hank locks Merlin in jail, and is going to blow up his castle. Hank tells Clarence his plan, and Clarence decides to help him. They fill the tower with gun powder, and wait for a thunderstorm. When the storm does finally come, Merlin tries casting spells that will overcome Hanks, but the lightening strikes, and blows up the tower. Finally, everyone is convinced that Hank is magical. Hank also made a telephone system, but only the people that he wanted to know about it did. He used this for to his advantage when he has to call for help. My favorite thing though, was when the Nobles were at the feast and they were betting on dog fights. They were rude, obnoxious, and dirty. The best thing about it was that the women were behaving the exact same way. These are a few examples of how satire, which is poking fun at social customs, individuals, or organizations to fix a problem, is used. I believe that satire mak...